Essay Help




31.10.2022

UKessays.com Login

UKessays.com Login

>>> CLICK HERE <<<



 Suicide bombings are popular among terrorist organizations and using an individual using their body as a weapon is a very old tactic. The Journal of Strategic Security shows a study that "suicide terrorism from the perspective of an individual attacker have focused on, and emphasized, the irrationality of the suicide act". An act of laying down one’s life in the name of a bigger struggle into normalized behavior (Ismayilov, 2010, p. 4). While understanding the motivations for suicide terrorism are difficult researchers have advised of two underlying reasons. One reasoning being epistemic. This is from curiosity about "phenomenon" and what this means is how terrorist use the readiness of beliefs not only UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login to massively murder innocents, but also to sacrifice their lives in the process. Religious sanctification is the act which is first and foremost in order to get the recruit to contradict his or her religious faith. For this, terrorists rely on "Fatwas" or religious opinions by others. One such Fatwa was made by Osama Bin Laden in 1998, where he stated that attacking any American anywhere was completely justified. The well-known promise of 72 virgins in the "after-life" is another potential "reward" for suicide terror (Morgenstern, 2006, p.37). The second reasoning for suicide bombing is pragmatic. Understanding a terrorists’ motivation is a necessary condition for altering it, and it offers an important tool for counterterrorism. Muslims "feel rejected by, and alienated from, the local societies" tends UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login to be the popular reasoning. Hamas terrorists’ main motivation concerned entering "Paradise… being in the presence of Allah… meeting the prophet Muhammad" and while reaping the rewards of a Holy war they will choose to participate in this cause. Other possible motives are believed to be humiliation, exposure to violence, occupation, lack of alternative prospects, modernization and restoration of Islam, poverty, moral obligation, desire to enter "heaven", and money and support of someone’s family (Kruglanski, Chen, Fishman & Orehek, 2009). The result is a dehumanizing way or an increasing focus on group values, and an increase in the likelihood of an individual taking his or her own life for the sake of the group. Dr Kobrin advises in her books that Muslims are used to obeying one brutal UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login leader, be it a state tyrant, a clan leader, a particular religious leader, the men of one’s own family, and particularly one’s father and husband. He often lives more comfortably and has more freedom than his wives and children do; indeed, this distance is a measure of his honor and power. He is nevertheless feared, hated, obeyed, and abjectly adored by his sons, daughters, and wives. This kind of family life may be the psychological template for the relationship between many Muslim people and their political rulers (p. 85). The leaders live more comfortably and has more freedom and are normally the masterminds for the suicide decoys. These boys and men sustain psychological issues from the beginning. Many sons are trained to mistrust, police, batter, and sometimes UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login murder their female kin—daughters, sisters, cousins, mothers, and wives. Islamic suicide terrorism is often controlled by the child’s experience that force and violence can control others. This is a learned behavior, which is ingrained early in a child’s life. The desire for revenge has been proposed as a common motive for joining a terrorist organization and for engaging in extremist activities (Jacques & Taylor, 2007, p. 320). UKessays.com Login

The Threat of ISIS to US Troops

 Part 1 of this research paper will advise why ISIS suicide terrorists are still the most effective threat to U.S. troops and why it will remain a constant threat to U.S. troops throughout the world. This research paper advises about the attack in 1983 in Beirut, Lebanon against the UKessays.com Login U.S. Embassy, a deadly attack that killed four marines in Syria where they were eating dinner, and four military were wounded in Kabul about a vehicle collided into a NATO vehicle. In depth detail about why terrorists appeal to suicide bombing, why this strategy is so effective and the training that goes into becoming a suicide bomber. Reasoning like democracy, religion, family infrastructure and intelligence play such a huge role into suicide bombing. Part 2 of this research paper will conduct an analysis of one or more U.S. homeland security policies plus strategies and reasons why they were implemented due to ISIS. The policies consist of the Patriot Act, Transportation Security Administration and critical infrastructure being kept safe.

If you need assistance with writing your essay, UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login our professional essay writing service is here to help!

There are many reasons why terrorists exist, in theory; it could be religion, political or just ignorance. However, terrorism exists for whatever the reason. While terrorism is nerve wrecking; most terrorist use a commonly known tactic when attacking U.S. troops; suicide bombing. For example, suicide bombers have been and will continue to be a threat to American troops throughout the world. Examples include one of the first attacks 1983 bombing of the U.S. Embassy in Lebanon, how four United States troops were wounded in Kabul after a bombing terrorist in a vehicle was targeting them, and more recently a deadly suicide attack on U.S. troops in northeastern Syria claimed by ISIS. This paper will prove UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login that suicidal bombers has always and will always remain a threat to the United States troops security because it is a popular method of choice that terrorist groups pursue.

 Suicide terrorists will always be a threat to American troops throughout the world. History is evidence that suicidal bombing will continue in the future. In April 1983, a suicide bomber targeted the United States Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon. This was the first mass casualty that was carried out by a suicide bomber against a U.S Embassy. The terrorist was driving a van carrying explosives. The explosive killed 63 people which included 17 U.S. citizens/soldiers when it destroyed the front side of a seven-story building (Manaton, 2018). Later that year in October; a truck driver drove onto UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login a compound in the Beirut International Airport and detonated explosives killing many U.S military. The death toll from this attack was "241 servicemen: 220 Marines, 18 Navy personnel, and 3 Army soldiers" (Manton, 2018). It still remains uncertain which organization is responsible for the bombings, however, a tiny group funded by Iran, named Hezbollah (Party of God) or Shiite terrorists are the perpetrators suspected (Morgenstern, 2006, p. 34).

 A Taliban suicide bomber rammed a van into an armored NATO bus in Kabul in October 2011 killing Thirteen American troops. The armored vehicle as known as a Rhino, was between a convoy of resistant military vehicles travelling on a four-lane road frequently used by NATO forces in the south-west of the Afghan capital. The Taliban claimed UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login responsibility for the attack along with a suicide bombing outside a government intelligence office. This attack occurred near the entrance of the American University. It was the deadliest single attack against the Westerners since the Taliban shot down a NATO helicopter on August 6 in an eastern Afghan province, killing 30 US troops – most of whom were elite Navy Seals – and eight Afghans (Leake, 2011, p. 50).

 In January 2019, 4 Americans were killed in a restaurant located in Syria. A bomber entered a restaurant where the group of Americans were eating wearing an explosive vest. In this group, 2 were service members, 1 was a Pentagon civilian and a U.S government contractor. During this incident, three U.S. service members were wounded. This UKessays.com LUKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login ogin incident occurred because the Pentagon began withdrawing troops from Syria (Louisa & Missy, 2019). Officials said that a bomber had detonated a bomb while wearing an explosive vest as a group of Americans, which includes two service members, a Pentagon civilian and a U.S. contractor slain in the attack. They were meeting with local military officials at "a restaurant in the northern city of Manbij". Three more servicemen were injured during this event too.

 Suicide bombings are popular among terrorist organizations and using an individual using their body as a weapon is a very old tactic. The Journal of Strategic Security shows a study that "suicide terrorism from the perspective of an individual attacker have focused on, and emphasized, the irrationality of the suicide act". An UKessays.com Login act of laying down one’s life in the name of a bigger struggle into normalized behavior (Ismayilov, 2010, p. 4). While understanding the motivations for suicide terrorism are difficult researchers have advised of two underlying reasons. One reasoning being epistemic. This is from curiosity about "phenomenon" and what this means is how terrorist use the readiness of beliefs not only to massively murder innocents, but also to sacrifice their lives in the process. Religious sanctification is the act which is first and foremost in order to get the recruit to contradict his or her religious faith. For this, terrorists rely on "Fatwas" or religious opinions by others. One such Fatwa was made by Osama Bin Laden in 1998, where he stated that attacking any American UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login anywhere was completely justified. The well-known promise of 72 virgins in the "after-life" is another potential "reward" for suicide terror (Morgenstern, 2006, p.37). The second reasoning for suicide bombing is pragmatic. Understanding a terrorists’ motivation is a necessary condition for altering it, and it offers an important tool for counterterrorism. Muslims "feel rejected by, and alienated from, the local societies" tends to be the popular reasoning. Hamas terrorists’ main motivation concerned entering "Paradise… being in the presence of Allah… meeting the prophet Muhammad" and while reaping the rewards of a Holy war they will choose to participate in this cause. Other possible motives are believed to be humiliation, exposure to violence, occupation, lack of alternative prospects, modernization and restoration of Islam, poverty, moral obligation, desire to enter "UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login heaven", and money and support of someone’s family (Kruglanski, Chen, Fishman & Orehek, 2009). The result is a dehumanizing way or an increasing focus on group values, and an increase in the likelihood of an individual taking his or her own life for the sake of the group. Dr Kobrin advises in her books that Muslims are used to obeying one brutal leader, be it a state tyrant, a clan leader, a particular religious leader, the men of one’s own family, and particularly one’s father and husband. He often lives more comfortably and has more freedom than his wives and children do; indeed, this distance is a measure of his honor and power. He is nevertheless feared, hated, obeyed, and abjectly adored by his sons, daughters, and UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login wives. This kind of family life may be the psychological template for the relationship between many Muslim people and their political rulers (p. 85). The leaders live more comfortably and has more freedom and are normally the masterminds for the suicide decoys. These boys and men sustain psychological issues from the beginning. Many sons are trained to mistrust, police, batter, and sometimes murder their female kin—daughters, sisters, cousins, mothers, and wives. Islamic suicide terrorism is often controlled by the child’s experience that force and violence can control others. This is a learned behavior, which is ingrained early in a child’s life. The desire for revenge has been proposed as a common motive for joining a terrorist organization and for engaging in extremist activities (Jacques & Taylor, 2007, UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login p. 320).

Terrorism has taken a new dimension and is used by all terrorist groups throughout the world. When sacrificing one of their own to take out 10’s, 100’s or 1,000’s our American troops is risk that terrorist are willing to take on. Now, after understanding why suicide bombing methods is important when trying to injure American troops; let us understand why terrorist use this method in detail. The culture that many are born into and the poverty (Ateek, 2002). A popular feature is being used with terrorists; women and children are used in suicide bombings (Nnam, Arua & Out, 2018, p. 35). This research shows women are active members for terrorist organizations such as the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Tamil Tigers, the Italian Red Brigades and UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The decision-making thrust of women and children could or could not be sought and acquired before using the women and children for suicide bombings. This implies that women and child can carry out instructions only to be given to them by men in the men-dominated mainstream culture. The men are seen as a stronger force in commands, whether good or bad, and the mission must be carried out because of cultural or religious beliefs (p. 37). The concept of a child is deemed relative and this means different things to different people which does differ on cultural backgrounds. This opinion can change from time to time, and is influenced by a country’s legal dynamics which includes crime patterns, the trends and UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login security situations of the country’s warfare. As an example, if a child that has been influenced from its country’s dynamics is a person under the age of 18 years, which the majority of children that are victimized into terrorists are "street urchins" [homeless children]. The religion aspect plays a huge role in how men are perceived by women and children. Suicide bombing attacks have not always had a religious motive. In World War II the Japanese, which earned the name of "kamikaze" were involved pilots crashing their planes on to ships of the approaching US fleet. The pilots committed suicide by the thousands; killing and damaging numerous U.S. property. This so-called "kamikaze campaign" damage, "sinking or damaging 375 ships and killing 12,300 Americans". If a bomb UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login would not have been dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki the damages would have been increasingly more severe (Ineichen, 2014, p. 104). Ineichen discusses in depth the theory and practice of suicide bombing. Many researchers have numerous opinions and explanations about suicide bombing, and even though it’s not surprising with these events; Ineichen considers the valuable information when examining these roles and functions of the terrorist and their organizations. Ineichen believes that these roles are more political than religious (p.106).

Terroristic suicide bombing strategy is effective because suicide bombers can enter a security perimeter and they do not have to have or rely upon needing an exit strategy (Asad, 2007). Also, family structures can be influential on terrorist participation. When imposing terror, the terrorist does not care UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login who is jeopardized. When terrorism behavior is passed down through family generations it shows that radical beliefs are given to groups that tend to be religiously unaffiliated (Alexander, 2019, p. 47). This causes the terror attacks to be carried out by family that are "linked terrorists including suicide bombings" and more likely there are many members of the family that have contributed to the attack and/or incident. According to Alexander, "one sibling may serve as a bomb maker, another may take part in placing or wearing the bomb in a future attack. (p.47)" In January 2017, a commander of the Taliban that was located in northern Afghanistan, Kamal Khan, had accidentally killed himself and his sons while attempting to building bombs at his home. His children UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login were upstairs when the bombs detonated when Khan was piecing the roadside bombs together to use at a later date. Any family members of any terrorist leaders tend to be considered participants in terror attacks (Alexander, 2019, p. 49). When a terrorist sacrifices themselves; it instills fear. This is their main goal. It effects the survivors causing PTSD regarding severe stress symptoms; the psychological implications of terrorist attacks in the United States show indication that the survivors suffer from severe PTSD.  Researchers have pointed to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as "one of the most prominent and prevalent expressions of psychological distress following terror attacks" (Mahat-Shamir, Hoffman, Pitcho-Prelorentzos, Hamama-Raz, Lavenda & Ring, 2018, p. 307).

Terrorism has come into view over the last ten years as some of UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login the most critical issues that governments have struggled to maintain and will always struggle to maintain. When terrorists attempt to manipulate the population by creating fear, uncertainty and division of society it creates a psychological warfare. In the Muslim faith many sons are trained to mistrust, police, batter, and sometimes murder their female kin—daughters, sisters, cousins, mothers, and wives. Islamic suicide terrorism depends on how the child experiences violence and force. If violence and force are used from an early age then it shows that it can control others. It is learned behavior, this can be taught from early age in life (Kobrin, 2010). So, any person(s) that would kill his mother can easily terrorize another human despite the cause. Other reasons that While recruiting they UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login terrorist tend to look into the extremist groups. An eternal concern for those involved in preventing crime (and terrorism) has been the concept of "offender profiling" (Horgan, Shortland & Abbasciano, 2018, p. 85). Recruiting violent extremist to join a cause doesn’t take much effort.  An ancient proverb reads "the enemy of my enemy is my friend."

Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.

The Department of Homeland Security has implemented many policies to reduce terrorism within the United States. The most popular policy most Americans know about is The Patriot Act. On September 11 th , 2001, planes UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login were used as a vessel of weapons when 19 terrorists hijacked numerous planes crashing them into The World Trade Center towers, the Pentagon, and one plane crashed in a field as passengers fought back to keep it from crashing into the White House. The Patriot Act was approved by Congress and signed by President George Bush II on October 26, 2001. This policy helped law enforcement and the intelligence community to enforce "four ways" to fight terrorism. The first step was to use "investigative tools" to fight against organized crime. The second step removed all legal actions that prevented the intelligence community from sharing with non-intelligence communities, such as local police. The third step implemented the use of newer technology to be used to help identify new potential UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login threats. Lastly, the fourth step help increase the repercussions of terrorist crimes.

When legalizing the greater range of tools to non-intelligence agencies it allowed many advantages for law enforcement to help reduce terrorism. According to The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. Authorized Edition this allowed "law enforcement to use electronic surveillance against the full range of terrorism-related crimes", allowed federal agents to wiretap terrorists that was approved by a FISA judge, and allowed federal agencies to the inspect records, especially business records, if there was any suspicion of funding terrorist organizations. When federal agencies revised the legal "barriers" which halted intelligence communities from sharing information to other non-intelligence agencies a smoother process evolved to help counter UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login terrorism throughout the United States. The newer technology "allows warrants to be obtained in any district in where the terrorism activity being investigated occurred". When increasing the repercussions for terrorist crimes this "created a new offense that prohibits harboring people involved in terrorist offenses" and "increases the maximum penalties for terrorist crimes" (Module 2: Homeland Security Strategy and Policy).

When the Patriot Act was introduced, as with any new and unknown subsidy, comes a lot of piqued inquiries, and with this particular policy, personal privacy has risen concern. The question now is which is more important, privacy or security? According to Robert Mueller, the former FBI director, he said "the Patriot Act has proved extraordinarily beneficial in the war on terrorism and has changed the way the FBI UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login does business. Many of our counterterrorism successes, in fact, are the direct results of provisions included in the Act" (Patriot Act, 2017). However, civil organizations have claimed the Patriot Act invades their Constitutional Rights and the intelligence communities will spy on the population or search their personal homes. This theory has been disproven as all Americans are exempt from being spied on by their government (Patriot Act, 2017).

UKessays.com Login
 The academic journals discussed the symbolism of the title of Hills Like White Elephants, as well as the deeper meaning within the dialogue, predictions of what will happen to Jig’s unborn baby, and other subtle symbols Hemingway included .  Hemingway strategically planted symbols and developed conversation in this dialogue-rich three page short story.  UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login I agree with the examinations of the story written by these scholars, but I see the unwritten outcome of the story oppositely.  The acadamic journals discussed support the idea that the American will Bully Jig into getting an abortion, while I believe that Jig is much more secure in herself than they give her credit to be. Giving her the confidence to go against the American’s wishes and keep the baby.  Overall, Hemingway makes his ability to leave explicit clues for the readers to make implicit conclusions obviously distinct in the story Hills Like White Elephants. UKessays.com Login

Hemingway’s Metaphorical Hills

 Author Ernest Hemingway is known to be keen on making his stories as minimalistic as possible, giving the reader just enough undeniable indications to UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login be able to make indefinite conclusions. This is certainly the case in the short story Hills Like White Elephants.  Many scholars have written about this very short story and the metaphors Hemingway hid within it. Four such scholars are Frederick Busch, Lewis Weeks, Doris Lanier, and Paul Rankin. These scholars discuss the symbolism of the title, as well as analyze the dialogue, and also attempt to predict the future of these two well-developed characters through other metaphors Hemingway slips into the story.

If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!

  These academic journals could be used to argue that the title of the story and other seemingly insignificant details functions as symbolism towards the characters circumstances. I UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login agree because, for example, it is clear as the story unfolds that they are not just comparing hills to white elephants for descriptive purposes, there is obviously a deeper meaning to their words that we, the reader, have to uncover. I will examine the metaphors Heminway used in Hills Like White Elephants through my own beliefs and the ideas proposed in academic journals written by established scholars. These metaphors can be uncovered through analysis of the indirect dialogue between the main characters, and  the function of physical elements mentioned within the short story. 

 Hemingway establishes symbols throughout the story, allowing the reader to make a conclusions pertaining to the meaning of the title. Weeks notes in his article analyzing Hemingway’s short story that a large UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login portion of the three page story is committed to the description of the hills that allegedly look like white elephants.  He states that not only does Hemingway use it in the title of the story, but also "within this very short three page story, two references to the whiteness of the hills and four to them as white elephants."  Weeks supports the concept that the title Hemingway gave to the story has a duality to its meaning.  The first point Weeks makes is related to white elephant sales.  The goal of white elephant sales are for people to donate and get rid of their unwanted goods.  Weeks believes that in terms of the story, the white elephant is the unborn baby through the UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login perspective of the American male.  I agree with this idea proposed by Weeks. The second interpretation of the title from Weeks’ perspective is more supportive of the woman and the unborn child.  This meaning of white elephant that creates duality is that a white elephant is a "rare and valuable, royal and sacred" (77) being. I believe that this explanation honors Jig’s fortuitous pregnancy while the other dismisses it, akin to what the American does to Jig.  Correspondingly, Busch also notes the gravity of the title in this Hemingway story.  Busch states "but the hills, and her analogy, bear the weight of their real subject- her will, and her body, which Hemingway sets in opposition to her lover’s plans for her body in UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login spite of her will" (919).  The latest maturation in Jig’s body does not reciprocate the plans that the American had for himself and Jig.  Thus the reader is left to speculate how Busch’s interpretation of the metaphors in the title will influence Jig’s attitude towards her pregnancy.  This fact is made by Busch is valid because it seems to me as the story unfolds and the American’s negative comments gain momentum, Jig appears to become more congenial and not as inclined to express articulated thoughts.  Jig characterizes the hills as "white in the sun and the country was brown and dry" (Hemingway, 350), allowing for there to be a contrast between "joy and sorrow" (75) as Weeks puts it. It is also important UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login to consider that this comment made by Jig encourages the contrast in Jig’s and her partner’s attitude on the position they have gotten themselves into.  Specifically because the American’s retort to Jig about her comment on what the hills look like raise the tension in the dialogue between the two. In the midst of an agitated conversation about hills and white elephants, the American irritably explains "just because you say I wouldn’t have [seen a white elephant] doesn’t prove anything" (Hemingway, 350).  This further inforces the same contrast discussed by Weeks between the characters and their potentially very divided ideas for the future of their relationship.  I acknowledge Weeks and Busch perspectives that the title is not to be taken literally, and has multiple meanings UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login that are subtly expressed by the dialogue exchanged between the characters throughout the story.  It appears that Jig equates the hills apart of the spanish landscape to white elephants because she perceives her unborn child as valuable, in immediate contrast to the American’s unfavorable reference of Jig’s pregnancy. 

 Many scholars have analyzed the dialogue within Hills Like White Elephants.  I find that the dialogue between these two characters reveals a lot about who they are as human beings.  The reader gets clues about the American’s character through his sarcastic and impatient replies to Jig.  Busch states that "he replies, with the bullying facticity of a country-club Babbitt" (919).  I think this further develops the American’s perspective of the situation and UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login explains the dynamic of their relationship.  Weeks also notes, after an exchange regarding the fact that Jig notes their lives consist of looking at things and trying new drinks, "the implication as to the casualness and triviality of their lives, in which drinks are of such importance…is made apparent" (75).  Lanier then furthered the themes pertaining to their drinks by analyzing the choice of absinthe. This story is so rich in dialogue that most of the clues Hemingway leaves for the reader lies within the dialogue. Lanier describes that in Hemingway’s story "the couple is forced to vent their emotions in an unobtrusive way" (280). Going off of Lanier’s belief this could explain the use of sarcastic and dismissive comments made between the two as UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login the story unfolds.  At a specific spot during the plot of the story, after vehement conversational exchanges between the two main characters, the American takes off from Jig so he can take their bags to the other side of the train station where they are waiting.  Busch highlights the substance of the American doing this, and I agree that this action made by the American at this in the story is very telling about his character. After the American man does this he describes the other passengers waiting for their train to be "perfectly reasonable" (Hemingway, 353).  From this small seemingly insignificant thought the American had , Busch is able to conclude that the American believes that the girl whom he impregnated is waiting unreasonably UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login due to her wish to keep their unborn child. Busch goes on to explain that the American’s perspective of reasonable has to do with "pleasure, with self-aggrandizement, but not with the birth of any sort" (919). Varying drastically from Jig’s definition of reasonable. This contrast of beliefs between the two main characters can be attributed to their varying experiences as humans in this world. Explaining the drastically varying notions that Hemingway created between these two distinct characters.

 Another substantial symbol in Hemingway’s story is the character’s choice of alcohol, specifically their choice of absinthe.  Lainer argues that there is an importance to their choice of drink because the characters are drinking while they carry out momentous conversations.  Lainer even states that absinthe "reverberates beneath UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login the surface of the story" (279). I agree with Lainer in this sense because a side effect of absinthe is forgetfulness, which is what the American wishes for referring to the pregnancy.  The idea of forgetting mentioned by Lainer can be compared to ideas pertaining to white elephants sales proposed by Weeks. Another significant aspect of absinthe that reveals a deeper meaning to the reader is the taste of the alcohol.  The american describes the taste of absinthe being similar to licorice, a food known for being bitter. He states "Everything taste of licorice. Especially all the things you have waited so long for. Like absinthe" (Hemingway, 350). The bitterness of the absinthe can be compared to the exchanges between Jig and the American. The American’s UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login quote also speaks to how many people, like Jig, wait excitedly for the day they will become a parent. However, from the American’s point of view this pregnancy is as unwanted as the bitter taste of licorice is.  Similar to the bitterness of absinthe, elephant meat too has an unpleasant taste to most. This is evidenced by the explorer from the 1400’s Alvise Cadmost. At this time period it was rare to consume elephant meat, and Cadmost was the first to record the taste of it. Overall, Cadmost found the meat difficult to get down similar to how many feel about absinthe.  This allows for there to be ties between the title and symbols in the story, reinforcing the unpleasantness Jig and the American felt UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login towards their circumstances to the reader.  Lainer describes that the "bitterness has become a substitute for the sweet" (288) possibility that pregnancy could bring to Jig.

I recall the most powerful conversation to occur at the conclusion of Hemingway’s story.  The American asks Jig if she feels better, and she replies "I feel fine. There’s nothing wrong with me. I feel fine" (Hemingway 353).  Regarding the outcome of the couple’s current dilemma, Busch notes the American "wants the fetus aborted, ands she wants to keep him" (919) and ultimately Busch predicts that "he will win" (919).  Weeks also makes a prediction regarding the future of Jig’s pregnancy.  Weeks believes "The man will not permit it; and the woman will be denied the UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login fulfillment of motherhood" (76).  Rankin also supports the idea that the man will get his way by stating "Hemingway’s unnamed American Male protagonist dominates the meeker, weaker-sexed Jig- the other in terms of her femaleness, her youth…, and her foreignness" (234). Rankin ultimately comes to the conclusion that "she [Jig] submits to his will and consents to aborting the child" (234). Based on Rankin’s quote pertaining to Jig’s gender and ethnicity, I believe that he has come to this conclusion based on evidence from society. According to sociology males typically acquire more political and economical resources giving them greater decision making power compared to their female counterparts. Rankin infers that this societal norm between genders applies to Jig and the American. I, however, argue that Rankin excludes UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login the possibility of Jig being an exception to this unfortunate norm.  I support the idea of Jig being an exception to this disproportion of power because of her scarcastic and secure comments towards the man trying to convince her to get an abortion. I also must note my bias on this stance, being that I am a female that supports other females making their own decision. Although, so far I have mostly agreed with the assessment of the short story by Weeks and Busch, this is where our opinions begin to part ways. I don’t think that Jig will succumb to the American’s attempts to bully her into having an abortion.  I think that she will not submit to his desires, which is evidenced through UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login her logical and quiet strength demonstrated in her dialogue throughout the story. For I am a firm believer that not responding to an antagonizing comment can be the strongest thing to do, and that is precisely what Jig does in this scenario. When the American sees her at the end of the story, it appears to me as the reader that she has already set her mind and is perfectly content with her decision to keep the baby.  Contrarily, I would also argue that the American’s toxic habit of  being self-centered and simple in his nature will ultimately be his downfall. Leading to Jig part ways with him. The idea of them parting ways is demonstrated by Hemingway choosing the setting of the story to be at UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login a train station, a place where there are different paths for one to take to their destination. Jig’s powerful desire for motherhood dualing with the American’s self-centered wishes for Jig to get an abortion makes for an epic battle in which I think Jig and the baby will be victorious.

Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.

 The academic journals discussed the symbolism of the title of Hills Like White Elephants, as well as the deeper meaning within the dialogue, predictions of what will happen to Jig’s unborn baby, and other subtle symbols Hemingway included .  UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Hemingway strategically planted symbols and developed conversation in this dialogue-rich three page short story.  I agree with the examinations of the story written by these scholars, but I see the unwritten outcome of the story oppositely.  The acadamic journals discussed support the idea that the American will Bully Jig into getting an abortion, while I believe that Jig is much more secure in herself than they give her credit to be. Giving her the confidence to go against the American’s wishes and keep the baby.  Overall, Hemingway makes his ability to leave explicit clues for the readers to make implicit conclusions obviously distinct in the story Hills Like White Elephants.

  • Bausch, Richard, and R. V. Cassill. The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction: Instructors UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Handbook, Seventh Edition, Shorter Seventh Edition. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006.
  • Bausch, Richard, R. V. Cassill, and Frederick Busch. Ernest Hemingway’s "Hills Like White Elephants"The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction: Instructors Handbook, Seventh Edition, Shorter Seventh Edition. W.W. Norton & Company, 2006.
  • Lanier, Doris. "The Bittersweet Taste of Absinthe in Hemingway’s ‘Hills Like White Elephants.’" Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 26, no. 3, Summer 1989, p. 279. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=7133560&site=ehost-live.
  • Rankin, Paul. "Hemingway’s HILLS LIKE WHITE ELEPHANTS." Explicator, vol. 63, no. 4, Summer 2005, pp. 234–237. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/00144940509596952.
  • Weeks Jr., Lewis E. "Hemingway Hills: Symbolism in ‘Hills Like White Elephants.’" Studies in Short Fiction, vol. 17, no. 1, Winter 1980, p. 75. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=7134801&l.
UKessays.com Login
It can be extremely hard to actually detect healthcare serial murders, as police and medical examiners often do not look into suspicious deaths if the victims are elderly or in poor health (Thunder, 2003). When investigations into these deaths are opened, it is rarely the result of patient or family complaints or medical examiners uncovering their crime, and instead, is usually the result of statistics not adding up or co-workers expressing concerns (Lubaszka et al., 2014). Yet even this is rare as statistics get ignored, and people often wait years to convey their concerns (Thunder, 2003). And even when police do investigate these crimes, it may be too late for physical evidence to be UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login obtained – bodies may have been cremated or severely decomposed so there is no evidence of a substance being in their system (Thunder, 2003). In the rare instances that an individual does get charged, they may claim a defense that results in a reduced sentence or diminished degree of homicide, such as assisted suicides or accidental deaths due to medical errors (Thunder, 2003). UKessays.com Login

Healthcare Serial Killers: Characteristics, Motivations, and Criminal Justice System Response

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (2008) defines a serial killer as an individual who kills at least two victims in separate occurrences. A subset of serial killers, known as healthcare serial killers, are individuals in the healthcare industry that utilize their position to kill patients (Yardley & Wilson, 2016). Due to the fact that UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login their job can make concealing their crimes easier, many of these killers go years without being caught (Field, 2008). However, there have been documented cases from countries all over the world, making it a widespread issue (Yorker, Kizer, Lampe, Lannan, & Russell, 2006). Given the extent of this problem, it is imperative to address common characteristics of perpetrators and victims, motivations of perpetrators, and the criminal justice system’s response.

Perpetrator and Victim Characteristics

It is important to note that while there is only a handful of research conducted on health care serial killers, the studies that have been conducted show an almost equal amount of male and female perpetrators (Lubaszka, Shon, & Hinch, 2014; Yardley & Wilson, 2016). Research by Yorker et al. (2006) suggests that approximately UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login 86% of these murderers are nurses, 12% are doctors, and 2% are allied health professionals. Many have previous convictions for other crimes or have documented mental illnesses (Thunder, 2003). Most use a single method for their murders, but some murderers combine methods (Yardley & Wilson, 2016). An overwhelming majority of these murderers kill via injecting lethal doses of some substance, but other methods such as suffocation or air embolus may also be used (Yardley & Wilson, 2016).

If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!

Most healthcare serial killers choose elderly patients as their victims (Lubaszka et al., 2014; Yardley & Wilson, 2016). Some kill exclusively children (Yardley & Wilson, 2016). They tend to kill both female and UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login male victims, although some do stick to just one gender (Lubaszka et al., 2014; Yardley & Wilson, 2016). Many victims are extremely sick or injured in some capacity (Lubaszka et al., 2014). However, a majority of victims are those who require a large amount of care yet are not terminal (Lubaszka et al., 2014).

Motivations

In addition to looking at their characteristics, it is also important to look at the motives behind these killings. Based on their motivations, serial killers can be categorized into six different typologies: visionary killers, mission killers, hedonistic lust killers, thrill killers, power/control killers, and comfort killers (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017). Visionary killers, the rarest form of serial killers, suffer from psychosis and often undergo visual or auditory hallucinations that compel them to kill (UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Alvarez & Bachman, 2017). Mission killers are those who murder to eliminate a group of people from the world that they consider unworthy or inferior (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017). Those who kill in order to gain sexual satisfaction can be classified as hedonistic lust killers (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017). Thrill killers are those who gain sexual pleasure from humiliating, torturing, and tormenting their victims (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017). Killers who derive pleasure from completely dominating or having full control over their victims are known as power/lust killers (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017). Lastly, those who kill solely for material comforts, like monetary gain, are comfort killers (Alvarez & Bachman, 2017).

Healthcare serial killers can fall into any of the aforementioned typologies or even multiple typologies. Additionally, specific motives UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login vary, but there are many commonalities. Power or control and wanting attention for diagnosing or saving patients are two of the most common motives declared (Yorker et al., 2006). Another common claim is committing murders out of mercy (Yorker et al., 2006). Other claims include getting rid of demanding or bothersome patients and freeing up beds due to high demand (Yorker et al., 2006). Monetary benefit has also been claimed, but only in a few cases (Yorker et al., 2006).

Criminal Justice System Response

It can be extremely hard to actually detect healthcare serial murders, as police and medical examiners often do not look into suspicious deaths if the victims are elderly or in poor health (Thunder, 2003). When investigations into these deaths are opened, it is rarely UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login the result of patient or family complaints or medical examiners uncovering their crime, and instead, is usually the result of statistics not adding up or co-workers expressing concerns (Lubaszka et al., 2014). Yet even this is rare as statistics get ignored, and people often wait years to convey their concerns (Thunder, 2003). And even when police do investigate these crimes, it may be too late for physical evidence to be obtained – bodies may have been cremated or severely decomposed so there is no evidence of a substance being in their system (Thunder, 2003). In the rare instances that an individual does get charged, they may claim a defense that results in a reduced sentence or diminished degree of homicide, such as assisted suicides or accidental deaths UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login due to medical errors (Thunder, 2003).

Case Study

Harold Shipman was a general practitioner in the United Kingdom who was convicted of killing 15 patients in his care (Sommerland, 2018). Shipman murdered his patients by injecting them with a lethal dose of either morphine or diamorphine (Smith, 2002). Although he was only charged with 15 murders, a government inquiry into Shipman was able to positively identify at least 218 total victims of his and estimated that the overall number of victims could be 250 or more (Smith, 2005). Almost all of his victims were elderly who were in poor health, and most of them were women (Smith, 2002). He was caught only after he forged the will of Kathleen Grundy, his last victim, in an attempt to UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login leave himself everything she had (Smith, 2002).

Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.

Shipman never admitted to his crimes and maintained that he was innocent up until the day he killed himself in prison (Sommerland, 2018). Given that he denied ever committing the crimes, Shipman himself never provided any explanation for his actions (Sommerland, 2018). When looking only at the case of Kathleen Grundy, it would appear that his motive for her murder was financial gain. However, Dame Janet Smith, chairman of the inquiry into Shipman, felt unconvinced that he truly murdered Grundy solely for financial gain, thought UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login that Shipman could not have rationally believed that he would get away with it, and suggested that his final killing could have been the result of delusion (Smith, 2002). Regarding all of his other cases, psychiatrists consulted during the inquiry were unable to definitively ascertain his motives but gave potential theories as to why he committed the murders, including possible psychiatric disorders, a need to control death, and experiencing pleasure from death (Smith, 2002).

The sheer number of murders that Shipman was able to perpetrate is shocking, and it is clear that much can be learned from studying his case to prevent this from occurring again. Firstly, it is important to note that Shipman had a prior conviction for forging prescriptions for personal use (Sommerland, 2018). Had UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login background checks been in place that prevented individuals with previous convictions like his from working in the healthcare industry, he would not have killed so many people. Additionally, procedures should have been in place to ensure he was treating his patients properly. Because of this, new quality assurance procedures were implemented into the National Health Service by the government of the United Kingdom (Lessons to, 2002).

Conclusion

Healthcare serial killers are extremely hard to detect. They tend to murder individuals whose death will not arouse suspicion and use methods that can go unrecognized without proper examination. They have a broad range of motivations but share some commonalities. When they are discovered, it may be too late for physical evidence to be obtained, and if they are prosecuted, they UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login may receive a lesser or reduced sentence by claiming assisted suicides or medical errors.

It is crucial that more safeguards be implemented in order to prevent these crimes. Background checks should be improved since many offenders have a previous history of crime or mental illnesses. Additionally, closer monitoring of the supply and distribution of controlled substances should occur. Furthermore, medical examiners should look more closely into deaths involving elderly individuals. Without more safeguard procedures in place, these killers can continue to go undetected and more patients will die.

  • Alvarez, A., & Bachman, R. (2017). Assault and Murder: A Continuum of Violence. Violence: The Enduring Problem (3 rd ed., pp.106-144). Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Serial Murder: Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators.UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/serial-murder
  • Field, J. (2008). Why nurses kill. Nursing Standard, 23(9), 24. Retrieved from http://articles.westga.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aqh&AN=35497535&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Lessons to be learned from Shipman crimes. (2002, July). The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/society/2002/jul/19/NHS.shipman
  • Lubaszka, C. K., Shon, P. C., & Hinch, R. (2014). Healthcare Serial Killers as Confidence Men. Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling, 11(1), 1–28. doi:10.1002/jip.1394
  • Smith, J. (2002). The Shipman Inquiry; First Report – Death Disguised. Shipman Inquiry. Great Britain. Retrieved from https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090808163951/http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/images/firstreport/narrative/pdf/vol1.pdf
  • Smith, J. (2005). The Shipman Inquiry; Sixth Report – Shipman: The Final Report. Shipman Inquiry. Great UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Britain. Retrieved from https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090808163914/http://www.the-shipman-inquiry.org.uk/images/sixthreport/SHIP06_COMPLETE_NO_APPS.pdf
  • Sommerland, J. (2018). Harold Shipman: Who was ‘Doctor Death’, how many of his patients did he kill and how was he finally caught?. Independent. Retrieved from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/harold-shipman-doctor-death-serial-killer-gp-mass-murderer-hyde-manchester-itv-documentary-a8323176.html
  • Thunder, J. M. (2003). Quiet Killings in Medical Facilities: Detection & Prevention. Issues in Law & Medicine, 18(3), 211. Retrieved from http://articles.westga.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=fth&AN=9457636&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Yardley, E., & Wilson, D. (2016). In Search of the "Angels of Death": Conceptualising the Contemporary Nurse Healthcare Serial Killer. Journal of Investigative Psychology & Offender Profiling, 13(1), 39–55. doi:10.1002/jip.1434
  • Yorker, B. C., Kizer, K. W., Lampe, P., Forrest, A. R. W., UKessays.com LoUKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login gin Lannan, J. M., & Russell, D. A. (2006). Serial murder by healthcare professionals. Journal Of Forensic Sciences, 51(6), 1362–1371. doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00273.x
UKessays.com Login
 In the early months of the 1880s, Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York had populations of approximately one million people and are still very populated cities to this day. As the United States entered the year of 189, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania joined the list of cities with populations of a million people. Brooklyn, New York was nearing that list with a population of five hundred thousand. Major cities that expanded in the west/mid-west were Minneapolis, Minnesota, Kanas City, Kansas, Omaha, Nebraska and Denver, Colorado. The cities that grew within a thirty to forty-year span, are UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login still some of the most populated metropolitan cities today.
 There were many contributing factors which assisted with facilitating with the expansion and the migration of people out west but the list was narrowed down to three for this short paper. The first factor was the Homestead Act which was passed in 1862 where it opened up millions of acres. The Homestead Act allowed ahead of a household and any persons over the age of twenty-one, to include a woman who was not married to buy approximately one hundred and sixty acres for approximately one dollar and twenty-five cents. The only requirement was to improve the land within five years of accepting the deal. The improvement standards were very minimal and could be met by simply clearing UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login out a few acres. UKessays.com Login

Expansion of the West in the Late 1800s

This "think piece" will cover the westward expansion from the 1860s to the 1890s. There will be three contributing factors which helped facilitate the expansion that will be discussed in this paper. The main focus point will cover major cities, railroad networks, improved agricultural land, states and territories in the timeframe discussed.  The railroad played an important and valuable role throughout the westward expansion of the United States. Improvement of land was extremely important to expansion. Furthermore, we will identify the role in which the railroad networks played and the gold rush during the timeframe of 1860 through 1890.
 In the early beginnings of the 1860s, there were a few major cities, primarily UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login along the East Coast of the United States. During that time, New York City, New York as well as Philadelphia, Pennsylvania were the two largest cities with populations of approximately five hundred thousand personnel. Most of the other cities that were established along that coast were established by immigrants who came from overseas. By the mid-1870’s more cities sprouted in the northeastern United States along with New Orleans, Louisiana in the south and San Francisco, California in the west, which would later become one of the largest cities in the United States. As people continued to migrate into the States, they continued to move primarily to the west, this, in turn, helped facilitate the expansion and the birth of new cities that are frequented today.

If you UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!

 In the early months of the 1880s, Chicago, Illinois, and New York City, New York had populations of approximately one million people and are still very populated cities to this day. As the United States entered the year of 189, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania joined the list of cities with populations of a million people. Brooklyn, New York was nearing that list with a population of five hundred thousand. Major cities that expanded in the west/mid-west were Minneapolis, Minnesota, Kanas City, Kansas, Omaha, Nebraska and Denver, Colorado. The cities that grew within a thirty to forty-year span, are still some of the most populated metropolitan cities today.
 There were many contributing factors which UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login assisted with facilitating with the expansion and the migration of people out west but the list was narrowed down to three for this short paper. The first factor was the Homestead Act which was passed in 1862 where it opened up millions of acres. The Homestead Act allowed ahead of a household and any persons over the age of twenty-one, to include a woman who was not married to buy approximately one hundred and sixty acres for approximately one dollar and twenty-five cents. The only requirement was to improve the land within five years of accepting the deal. The improvement standards were very minimal and could be met by simply clearing out a few acres.

 The second contributing factor was the Pacific Railway Act which was UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login passed in 1862. This act granted the right of ways for the Union Pacific Railroad to promote the construction of a transcontinental railway system. It also granted the Central Pacific Railroad the rights to build a railway system east from Sacramento, California, which eventually lead the two companies to join the railway system and allowing travel from coast to coast. The third contributing factor was the federal government building forts throughout the west to protect settlers throughout the migration. Some of these forts later became trading posts for miners as years passed by.
 The railroad was first proposed to Congress by merchants and played a pivotal role in the expansion westward. During the 1860s the railroad network was limited to the east coast of the United UKessays.com Login States. As of 1869 the railways were connected from the coast to coast and migrating into the central parts of the country. The railroad which connected the east coast and west coast was completed by an eight-man crew of Chinese immigrants.  As the railroad finished its construction,  it went through both territories and states.

 Between the late 1880s and early 1890s, the railroad grew with the expansion of people moving west. During the 1890s the railroad network was very well connected in every state and/or territory with the exception of Alaska. The railroad system made traveling to the west coast easier. There were thirteen territories confirmed, four unorganized territories, and thirty-four states in the 1860s. Both North Dakota and South Dakota have split down the UKessays.com Login middle, leaving half territories and half unorganized territories.

 Moving forward ten years to the 1870s, North and South Dakota became territories leaving only two of the known four unorganized territories which were Alaska and Oklahoma, which was still Indian Territory. The remaining eleven territories were still in place along with the states. Colorado and Kansas who gained statehood by the 1880s, leaving ten territories left and continuing leaving Alaska and Oklahoma as unorganized territories. Many residents who lived in territories opposed statehood simply due to many of them thinking it would be a financial burden and they would not be able to afford the expansion by population. In the 1890s, there were three territories remaining which were Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. In 1896, Utah joined UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login statehood after making several attempts over a fifty-five year period. Both New Mexico and Arizona joined statehood in 1912, which made Arizona the last of the forty-eight contiguous states to become a state.
 In conclusion, the westward expansion was necessary. Sooner rather than later it was going to happen. If the expansion would have taken any longer, the east coast would have been overpopulated long before cities started becoming heavily populated. The Pacific Railroad Act, the Homestead Act, and the building of forts all elevated the incredibility of life and allowed for growth within the United States and the people. The building of the railroad made the shipping of goods and the capableness to travel west and move outstandingly easier in comparison to covered wagons. All of UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login these factors listed made the expansion west accessible to more people. Although the growth of the country was in its early stages, we as a country continued to grow.

  • Pacific Railway acts. (2014). In Encyclopedia Britannica (Ed.), Britannica Concise encyclopedia. Chicago, IL: Britannica Digital Learning. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ebconcise/pacific_railway_acts/0?institutionId=8703
  • Clark, C. L. (2011). Homestead Act (1862). In C. L. Clark (Ed.), The American economy: a historical encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/abcamerecon/homestead_act_1862/0?institutionId=8703
  • Leeper, A. (2013). The birth of the locomotive (1780s-1820s)/Electric trains and trolleys (1880-present)/The railroad and the civil war (1860s)/The railroad fuels westward expansion (1870s). The Booklist, 109(9), UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login 94. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy1.apus.edu/docview/1271619274?accountid=8289
  • Song, Y. (2009). Transcontinental railroad. In Y. Song (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Chinese American Relations. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Retrieved from http://ezproxy.apus.edu/login?url=http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/mcfcham/transcontinental_railroad/0?institutionId=8703
UKessays.com Login
 Sport commentators also have an important job, "sport commentators are a unique media source as they blend objective, judgmental, and historical components with the purpose of not only reporting an event but also dramatizing the event". (Parker, H., & Fink, J. 2008). Sport commentators attend games. They must know information about the players such as their name, school attended, height, weight, etc. During game time a commentator’s job is to make listeners feel like they are in the audience. The game is supposed to be descripted UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login with mind opening imagery. Studies show that in the past people reacted to a game depending on if the commentator used violence when describing a play. There are two styles of play including "normal play" and "rough play". Present ESPN commentators like Scott Van Pelt use a more playful way of commentating plays. All of ESPN’s commentators use this style and it is effective when showing highlights throughout the day. UKessays.com Login

Media Management of ESPN

ESPN is a well-known sports channel that is considered to be the worldwide leader in sports. ESPN was founded in 1979 by Bill and Scott Rasmussen and was formerly known as the Entertainment and Sports Programming network. Today, ESPN has many personnel types that play a major role in the success of media UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login management including analysts, anchors, reporters, commentators, executives and others. During this era sports were seen as nothing. Bill starting up his own sports network was a bold move. Sports only appeared in newspapers and was staffed by semi pros. "The attention that many in society give to sports is not confined to on-field play or game-related statistics. Instead, the topics of interest to sport fans today—and the topics given attention by sport media—often stretch well beyond the game itself to intersect with other broader issues in society. While sports might once have been "just a game," today the sporting world intersects with nearly every other part of social life." (Schmidt, H. C. 2018). The study of sports analysts explores the notion that the availability and analysis of UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login large datasets have the capacity to improve practice and change the nature of science in the sport and exercise setting. The increasing use of knowledge and data technology in sport is giving rise to the present amendment. Websites hold giant knowledge repositories, and therefore the development of wearable technology, itinerant applications, and connected instruments for observation physical activity, training, and competition give giant knowledge sets of extensive and detailed measurements. Innovative approaches conceived to more fully exploit these large data sets could provide a basis for more objective evaluation of coaching strategies and new approaches to how science is conducted. An emerging discipline, sports analytics, could help overcome some of the challenges involved in obtaining knowledge and wisdom from these large data sets. Examples of where large data UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login sets have been analyzed, to evaluate the career development of elite cyclists and to characterize and optimize the training load of well-trained runners, are discussed. Careful verification of large data sets is time-consuming and imperative before useful conclusions can be drawn. Consequently, it is recommended that prospective studies be preferred over retrospective analyses of data. It is concluded that rigorous analysis of large data sets could enhance our knowledge in the sport and exercise sciences, inform competitive strategies, and allow innovative new research and findings.

If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help!

Bill Rasmussen the founder of ESPN, first came up with the idea of a live sports cable channel in the summer of 1978. He didn’t UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login have a formal business plan, when he proposed the idea many people thought it would be difficult to do because stations couldn’t afford the production costs of live events, but Bill was determined. He felt his proposal would be taken seriously if he had a name, so he met with his son Scott and began brainstorming. Rasmussen knew he wanted the words "Entertainment and "Sports" to be included in the title because he was thinking of incorporating talk-show programming. Eventually he came up with the "Entertainment and Sports Programming network." Although Scott wasn’t too fond of the idea, he thought it was bland, they stuck with the idea. From that idea they decided to call their Connecticut sports channel ESP-TV, which along the years has transformed into UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login what we now know as ESPN (American Psychological Assoc., p.53).

Media Management of a company is very important and can play a major role in the success of a company. ESPN has one of the best media entertainments today, it is important to consider the "company’s products across platforms, the discourses and marketing it generates, and commentary on the organization. They do so through considering a combination of texts, popular and trade discourses, archived material, and interviews with ESPN employees and other relevant sports media professionals" (Vogan, T., 2015).  ESPN hires nothing but the best

Technology has advanced over the years making it easier to access large data regarding sports and exercise. Sport analytics contain important information such as relevant and historical statistics that can add an UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login advantage to a team. Sports analyst gather the data and provide information that may be shared on websites which allow individuals or teams to monitor their performance. The sports analyst’s job is very important because the information gathered can be extremely meaningful to coaches and can provide opportunities to create new and innovative research (Passfield and Hopker, 2017).. The sports analysts is one of the most familiar roles out of the many jobs within ESPN. The quality of work of a male and female analyst were once debatable and women analysts were said to be not important. In an article written in 2002 entitled "A Level Playing Field? Audience Perceptions of Male and Female Sports Analysts" by Greer and Jones, it is said that "The mixed reaction UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login on display in the forum reflects diverse U.S. societal views on female sports analysts among fans, athletes, media executives, and sportscasters themselves. While women have made some inroads into sports broadcasting in recent years, they typically are confined to the role of sideline or field reporter. In this role, critics say, they serve as cheerleaders and eye-candy for a largely male audience. As of 2018, there are just as many women analyst as there are men. One of the many achieved women analysts who has worked for ESPN is Doris Burke. Doris Burke is an NBA analyst and has worked for ESPN for 27 years and has become the first women to land a regular job as an NBA analyst on national television which many consider UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login to be one of the ‘highest and hardest glass ceiling in broadcasting’ ( Scheiber, 2018). Doris Burke has become one of the most achieved sports analysts of all time. 

ESPN journalists have an important role in daily production. "While a Sports Journalist Job Description depends on your employer, specific positions and the type of media you are working in, there are some general duties typical of most sports journalism jobs." (“Sports Journalist Job Description”). Being a journalist for ESPN means you have to write about different sports throughout the production. There are many journalist jobs, but sport reporters are the most common in the sport world. They report the information people write for TV or radio. Journalist meet with other sport writers and reporters to go over UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login due dates, assignments, etc. on a daily and weekly basis. For production they have to research obsessively while having to partake in interviews and attend games. They don’t always collaborate with other journalists. There are times they work independently on a report and write articles themselves. As a sports journalist, the job description will vary and will heavily depend on the type of media being used. It can include newspapers, magazines, radio, tv, or even online media. Aside from working as a sports journalist, opportunities may arise to work as a media coordinator, announcer, and more. As they are asked to complete these tasks, they have to produce great quality work day in and day out. Being a sport reporter requires a bachelor’s degree in journalism. Getting UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login an internship will help profoundly.

 Sport commentators also have an important job, "sport commentators are a unique media source as they blend objective, judgmental, and historical components with the purpose of not only reporting an event but also dramatizing the event". (Parker, H., & Fink, J. 2008). Sport commentators attend games. They must know information about the players such as their name, school attended, height, weight, etc. During game time a commentator’s job is to make listeners feel like they are in the audience. The game is supposed to be descripted with mind opening imagery. Studies show that in the past people reacted to a game depending on if the commentator used violence when describing a play. There are two styles of play including "normal play" and "UKessays.com Login rough play". Present ESPN commentators like Scott Van Pelt use a more playful way of commentating plays. All of ESPN’s commentators use this style and it is effective when showing highlights throughout the day.

ESPN executives run the company from top to bottom. There are different types of executives. Daryl Garvin is an executive director of the Hawaii Bowl. The Hawaii bowl is a postseason college football game. Daryl runs the show behind the scenes telling camera men, commentators, etc. what to do and when to do it. Daryl also directs the Hawaiian airlines diamond head classic. Executive directors make sure everything is running smoothly while also controlling the game. Executive director is the highest position at ESPN. There are plenty of positions that can lead to UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login opportunities to become an executive director.

Camera men are needed in every production. Camera operators have to be good at using a camera, be able to take information from the director, and remain focused for hours on end. ESPN includes indoor and outdoor production covering sporting events. The camera operators are also a part of production back at the headquarters. Elaine Rom is a women camera operator who worked with ESPN for years. Elaine works the Sugar bowl. "On game day, we get in about six hours before the game starts, but for the Sugar Bowl, I’m actually here a day before most people. That’s because I set up the broadcast booth on Wednesday. For this game, I have about 30 boxes, cases of gear, UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login monitors and lights. A robotic camera that shoots back at the announcer that the director can control. It’s a whole set. They put me in an empty room and we build the announce booth from scratch." Elaine explains her job as being a camera operator having to build and tear down sets before and after games. There is more to be a camera operator than simply showing up and recording a game.

ESPN is the leading sport network solely because of their ability to be the only sport network to run their production constantly on multiple different channels. ESPN collaborates with other networks. ESPN and ABC broadcasted the special Olympics in 2016. "In addition, ESPN2 will feature highlights and interviews from the games each night of competition UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login and segments will air on Sports Center and other ESPN shows during the week. The network said the games will also be highlighted through ESPN’s website and apps." (Bits and Pieces. ABC, ESPN Sign on to Broadcast Special Olympics. 2016).  Although ESPN can easily run a production single handedly ESPN wanted broadcast with ABC to be the first to televise the special Olympics. ESPN correspondingly honored the founder of special Olympics Eunice Kennedy Shriver "The effort that Eunice Kennedy Shriver and her family have been displaying for these past five decades is truly remarkable, we are honored to celebrate Eunice’s work and the bravery of the athletes of Special Olympics, whose efforts and performances" (Bits and Pieces. ESPN Honored Special Olympics Founder. 2017). This was UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login ESPN’s way of thanking the founder and the athletes on their own platform at the ESPY’s.

Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. From simple essay plans, through to full dissertations, you can guarantee we have a service perfectly matched to your needs.

The ESPY’s is an award ceremony where they honor athletes, coach’s, staff members, and more. The ESPY’s air every July and is a huge production for ESPN. The ceremony last a couple hours. The ESPY’s change location every year, this year the ceremony was held at Microsoft theater. The production team of ESPN had to set up and tear down the set which is a lot of work giving the fact of how many cameras, cable UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login cords, etc. had to be put in place for the production to run smooth as possible.

ESPN have a well-prepared marketing plan to furthermore expand their company to the worldwide dominance. Cable success have been on a downward spiral ever since streaming have come into play. ESPN markets using different services like YouTube, cable, mobile device, and more. "To promote ESPN+, ESPN is tapping its sprawling media network that includes cable TV channels, a massive social footprint, the largest digital audience of any sports publisher (67 million unique visitors in July, per comScore) and 2.1 million-circulation magazine, per the Alliance for Audited Media." (Willens & Lucinda Southern, “How ESPN is marketing ESPN+”, 2018)

ESPN executives tried pushing ESPN+. ESPN+ is a steaming service in which UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login ESPN is trying to promote with ads and magazines. The company also is using Disney to promote which Disney owns ESPN. Competing with YouTube is hard for any company trying to create a streaming service that’s better than YouTubes. While ESPN markets streaming services through them, their marketing strategy is to reach out to the audience who are watching them faithfully. ESPN+ launched April 12, 2018 and was founded the same date. The owner of ESPN and ESPN+ is The Walt Disney Company. To promote ESPN+, ESPN is creating network that includes cable TV channels, a massive social footprint, the largest digital audience of any sports publisher. The news ticker that sneaks on the bottom of its TV broadcasts displays the ESPN+ brand and its web site UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login and mobile apps have modules promoting the merchandise and its content. ESPN executives have tried to create it as simple as achievable to add ESPN+ into content. Guides that designate the way to cite ESPN+ and distributed them to each producer at ESPN and Disney itself. ESPN also is putting what Young called spending into house ads and alternative inventory, with 14 totally different. That’s still a little slice of the promotions ESPN runs on TV for its frequent products. Subscription offers area unit being sent to the foremost engaged website guests and app users.

ESPN’s stage efforts to support complexity clarify how contemporary media merging. Along these lines, ESPN manipulates common stances that give meaning to the media it uses and the content they deliver. Media ethnographer UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Ilana Gershon terms these attitudes media ideologies, or Gershon argues that the media’s social meanings are relational. Attitudes about one intermediate shape viewpoints on others. ESPN’s expansion into different media exploits on their relative value. "For example, its forays into film use the medium’s stereotypical status as more artful than television and the Internet to brand its TV and online content as exceptional." ESPN also manipulates media sorts’ ideologically organized value. It normally produces and programs documentary content. A variety of TV that addresses surrounding the intermediate what we might call basic beliefs to suggest are unusually educational. Like its confidence on film’s popular sense, it uses film’s relative representational hub to develop uprightness that is rare in sports media. In addition to engaging these high-toned UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login media practices, ESPN builds alliances with other powerful symbols from canonical filmmakers to independent book publishers that signal refinement. By the time ESPN began these efforts, it had already established itself as a multifaceted culture, a framework through which sport is known, experienced and represented that, in former company president George Bodenheimer’s words, tried to these activities work to inflect this ESPN culture with culture. Beyond taming superiority, Bourdieu claims representative capital is Important. Though it often markets them as such, ESPN’s drives to create standing are not motivated by unbiased visual goals. They instead drive a perceptive effort to extricate ESPN from other sports media outlets, compete for market share, expand its demographic reach, promote its content, and even cut costs. Importantly, these engagements do not affect UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login an elitist style that derides or dismisses popular forms far from it. Rather, they encourage an unintellectual sensibility that fulfils audiences seeking more urbane content without isolating those who simply want to know what is happening in the world of sports. Insistently tests how far its brand will prolong in virtually any bearing that might lead to revenue or constructive revelation.

  • A Day In The Life: Behind The Scenes With TV Camera Operator Elaine Rom. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.espn.com/espnw/athletes-life/article/14474327/scenes-tv-camera-operator-elaine-rom
  • Amelkin, V., Askarisichani, O., Kim, Y. J., Malone, T. W., & Singh, A. K. (2018). Dynamics of collective performance in collaboration networks. PLoS ONE, 13(10), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204547
  • Bits and Pieces. Abc, Espn Sign on to UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login Broadcast Special Olympics. (2016). Palaestra, 30(4), 55. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=120591181&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Bits and Pieces. Espn Honored Special Olympics Founder. (2017). Palaestra, 31(3), 56. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=125493503&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Freeman, M. (2001). ESPN : The Uncensored History. Lanham, Md: Taylor Trade Publishing. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=545133&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Greer, J. D., & Jones, A. H. (2012). A Level Playing Field?: Audience Perceptions of Male and Female Sports Analysts. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences, 6(8), 67–79. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login aspx?direct=true&db=asn&AN=91821599&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Parker, H., & Fink, J. (2008). The Effect of Sport Commentator Framing on Viewer Attitudes. Sex Roles, 58(1–2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9344-8
  • Passfield, L., & Hopker, J. G. (2017). A Mine of Information: Can Sports Analytics Provide Wisdom From Your Data? International Journal of Sports Physiology & Performance, 12(7), 851–855. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=125553423&site=ehost-live&scope=site
  • Schmidt, H. C. (2018). Sport Reporting in an Era of Activism: Examining the Intersection of Sport Media and Social Activism. International Journal of Sport Communication, 11(1), 2–17. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=129331368&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Vogan, T. (2015). ESPN : UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login The Making of a Sports Media Empire. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Retrieved from https://proxy-calu.klnpa.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=e900xww&AN=1091866&site=eds-live&scope=site
  • Willens, M., & Lucinda Southern. (2018, September 12). How ESPN is marketing ESPN. Retrieved from https://digiday.com/media/espn-marketing-espn/
UKessays.com Login

UKessays.com Login

Cite This Work UKessays.com Login Bill Rasmussen the founder of ESPN, first came up with the idea of a live sports cable channel in the summer of 1978. He didn’t have a formal business plan, when he proposed the idea many people thought it would be difficult to do because stations couldn’t afford the production costs of live events, but Bill was determined. He felt his proposal would be taken seriously if he had a UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login name, so he met with his son Scott and began brainstorming. Rasmussen knew he wanted the words "Entertainment and "Sports" to be included in the title because he was thinking of incorporating talk-show programming. Eventually he came up with the "Entertainment and Sports Programming network." Although Scott wasn’t too fond of the idea, he thought it was bland, they stuck with the idea. From that idea they decided to call their Connecticut sports channel ESP-TV, which along the years has transformed into what we now know as ESPN (American Psychological Assoc., p.53). UKessays.com Login Sports analyst gather the data and provide information that may be shared on websites which allow individuals or teams to monitor their performance. UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login UKessays.com Login

Assignmentmasters.co.uk Login
Essaylab.org Login
Papernow.org Login
Bestessaytips.com Login


About

People the grapes of wrath are scale consists of a set of 24 Gather academic tenure, students should have done effective time management. Battle, instead opting.



News

Jobs by hiring path, pay, departments, job series can be used for updated and to receive special discount offers, the customers can subscribe to the site. Glad.





loginhelper.web.fc2.com
inserted by FC2 system